Western honey bees are threatened by pests and diseases, especially the Varroa mite and colony collapse disorder. With human assistance, the western honey bee now occupies every continent except Antarctica. The western honey bee was one of the first domesticated insects, and it is the primary species maintained by beekeepers to this day for both its honey production and pollination activities. Colony activities are organized by complex communication between individuals, through both pheromones and the dance language. Individual colonies can house tens of thousands of bees. Like all honey bee species, the western honey bee is eusocial, creating colonies with a single fertile female (or " queen"), many normally non-reproductive females or "workers", and a small proportion of fertile males or " drones". The genus name Apis is Latin for "bee", and mellifera is the Latin for "honey-bearing" or "honey carrying", referring to the species' production of honey. The western honey bee or European honey bee ( Apis mellifera) is the most common of the 7–12 species of honey bees worldwide. Apis mellifica mellifica silvarum Goetze, 1964 (Unav.). Apis mellifica mellifica lehzeni Buttel-Reepen, 1906 (Unav.).Apis mellifica germanica Pollmann, 1879.Apis daurica Fischer von Waldheim, 1843.
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